The Philippines were ceded by Spain
to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War. They attained
independence in 1946 after Japanese occupation in World War II. The
21-year rule of Ferdinand MARCOS ended in 1986, when a widespread
popular rebellion forced him into exile. In 1992, the US closed its
last military bases on the islands. The Philippines has had two
electoral presidential transitions since the removal of MARCOS. In
January 2001, the Supreme Court declared Joseph ESTRADA unable to
rule in view of mass resignations from his government and Vice President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
took over as his constitutional successor. The government continues to
struggle with Muslim insurgencies in the south.